Case Study Contingency Behavior Decision Making

Weekly paper 7: Contingency-behavior: Decision Making: Viren Kheni Decision-making is the study of identifying and choosing alternatives based on the values and preferences of the decision maker. Making a decision implies that there are alternative choices to be considered, and in such a case we want not only to identify as many of these alternatives as possible but to choose the one that best fits with our goals, objectives, desires, values, and so on. *(Harris (1980)) In the last session we discussed about traits as a contingency approach to a leadership. We are going to discuss about behavioral study as a contingency approach to leadership. We will be covering several theories under behavioral approach. In this paper it’s all about normative decision-making process, tools for effective decision-making, six thinking hats and its purpose. Simply the decision making process defined as the thought process of selecting a logical choice from the available options. When trying to make a good decision, a person must weight the positives and negati ves of each option, and consider all the alternatives. For effective decision-making, a person must be able to forecast the outcome of each option as well, and based on all these items, determine which option is the best for that particular situation. Its usual task that everyone does in his/her routine life. I would definitely agree with you when you say decision-making process is frustrating sometimes. I can give you the best exampleShow MoreRelatedChief Kobys Management Style1551 Words   |  7 Pagessolving (Hess Orthmann, 2012). This case study will briefly explore the concepts of the contingency theory, and how it could have been applied to Chief Koby’s management style. The chief’s leadership and management style has greatly affected his organization as a whole. It is also noted that he was severely criticized for mishandling the controversial murder case of Jonbenet Ramsey, along with two other high profile incidents which will be discussed in this case study (Haberfeld, 2013). Analysis TomRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : Human Relations Approach1322 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational behavior basically connotes the study of the thinking of people, their actions and how they feel in an organizational setting (Milner, 2006). Some of the main approaches or perspectives that have been applied in organizational behavior include the human relations approach, scientific management, and the contingency approach. In adopting a contingency approach, managers or leaders in an organization appreciate the complex nature of organizational behavior in the particular organizationRead MoreWhat Is Organizational Behavior?1458 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational Behavior - a systematic study of a person’s behavior. 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In some cases effective leaders and effective followers may be the same person, playing different roles at the different places. Theories: Brief explanation of the theories: Contingency theory: Contingency theory focuses on which leadership style is best suited for the situation. According to contingency theory, no leadership style is best for all situations. It depends on the qualities of followers and aspectsRead More Leadership2351 Words   |  10 PagesLeadership is results in followers’ behavior that is goal-directed in some sort of organized setting. In brief, leadership is a process by a person influences others toward the attainment of group or organizational goals. Like the words said by Keith (2003):† Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen†. The development of leadership studies has three phases: trait theory, behavior theory and contingency theory. According to Robbins

Blindness By Jose Saramago s Blindness - 1646 Words

Extensionalism that is Presented in Blindness by Josà © Saramago A person is not just characterized by those particular circumstances that they find themselves in, but by how they respond to those moments. The phenomenal novel, Blindness, written by Jose Saramago, showcases the storyline of a country that encounters a widespread disease that leads to several people catching a type of blindness where they can only see white. The unfortunate people who have received the terribly contagious disease spreading around are to be isolated in an abandoned mental hospital to avoid the spreading of the blindness. Existentialism is the philosophy that one can be influenced tremendously from the external factors surrounding them. This is portrayed†¦show more content†¦She replied by saying, â€Å"My affection†¦ I m remaining to help you and the other people who may come here, however don t reveal to them I can see† (Saramago, 40). This quote proves that she is a very nice an d kind person who is always there for the people she loves and cares about. She would take the possibility of catching a disease where one can only see white in order to remain with her husband who is ill. By staying with her husband while he is in desperate need of help, she proves that she is one of the kindest characters in the novel. However, as the book progresses, her trait of kindness quickly fades away after experiencing an atrocious situation. A group of people, formed in the hospital, were collecting all the food from the patients, and the only way the people had a chance of retrieving it was by making the women have intercourse with the men of the group. When the doctor’s wife was forced to have intercourse, she was traumatized, and knew that she needed to find a way to end the catastrophe. In order to do this, she decided to kill the leader of the group, and stabbed him in the throat with a pair of scissors. The author describes the wife at that moment by writing, â€Å"she had blood on her hands and clothes†¦but she knew that if it were necessary, she would kill again† (Saramago, 192). This quote shows the readers how much the wife has changed because of one event that occurred. She went fromShow MoreRelatedCritique Of Blindness In Jose Saramagos Blindness1387 Words   |  6 Pages Critique of Blindness Human nature is defined by emotional expression, the desire to learn, individuality, and freedom of will. It enables people to make decisions on how they will conduct their daily interactions and, therefore, dictates how society will be run. Josà © Saramago’s novel, Blindness, tells the grim tale of a society devastated by a blindness epidemic known as the â€Å"white evil.† Without their sight, people are no longer able to act in a civilized manner and become aggressive towardsRead MorePlot and Literary Style Must Interact in an Effective Way838 Words   |  4 Pagestrying to communicate in the piece. Both â€Å"Blindness† by Josà © Saramago and â€Å"The New York Trilogy† by Paul Auster are novels in which the literary style used enhances the plot of the story. Similarly, the storyline justifies the reasons behind the use of that author’s particular style. Saramago’s style of writing reinforces the plot because it represents and explains the events and psychological struggles endured by each individual in the novel. In Blindness, the narrator does not reveal the characters’Read MorePhilip Zimbardo’S Famous Quote Was Inspired From His Stanford1861 Words   |  8 Pageswho live there and they must continue with it as it is tradition although many would like to get rid of it. The last piece which won a nobel prize written in 1995 called â€Å"Blindness† originally written in portuguese by Jose Saramago. The story is about a sudden blindness that strikes the city and becomes epidemic and the blindness is actually white not black. The two pieces of literature along with Zimbardo’s Stanford experiment help support the argument that humans will activate their animalistic

Boyhood Movie Sound and Imagery Essay Example For Students

Boyhood Movie Sound and Imagery Essay Boyhood, is a unique movie. At first it does not seem like such an original plot. However, what makes it so unique is that it was filmed over the span of 12 years, with the same cast. Directed by Richard Linklater, Boyhood, is about a 6 year old boy named Mason, growing up and coming of age with his family. The audience has the chance to see Mason grow up to age 18. In the years in between, the audience has the chance to experience the good, the bad, and the heartbreak through Masons eyes. The patience of the director isnt the only impressive part; the cinematography and sound equally contribute to the effect of the film. People say sound and acting is what makes a movie, and sound is especially important in this movie. While Mason is younger, more hard rock and playful songs play to attribute to his youth. For example, 2 minutes into the film, Mason goes out to graffiti an underpass with his friend. As theyre riding out to the overpass, hard rock plays to accompany the nostalgic feeling of being a rambunctious child doing mischievous things. The music played in any movie, tries to give the audience the feeling of being in a similar situation. Another example is when Mason, his mother, and sister move to Houston, Texas. Were shown them driving in the car with all of their belongings as the sun goes down, and Mason and his sister squabble over space. At that moment Sheryl Crows song, Soak Up The Sun, plays, and could potentially tell the viewers that things will get better for their move. If any other song were playing, it might make it seem like their mother had a terrible agenda for the family. Background music is a conveyer of feelings, but unfiltered sung music counts too. As Mason grew older, a scene with his family singing together on the porch, has an impact. The summer night gives a feeling of being together, with the people you love, and just being able to spend relaxed time with them. Boyhood, isnt a silent film, and music is not the only sound. The voices and tones of the characters translates a lot to the audience as well. The characters emotional responses tell the viewers how to feel. Without the emotions of the cast, audiences wouldnt be able to deduce that the first stepfather is an overly controlling man. The tones of his voice are condescending and rude to Masons mom. Later, we find that he is an alcoholic, and physically abusive. One day, when Mason comes home, he find his mom on the garage floor. His mother sounds panicked, and tells him that shes okay, but he should go inside. Later, during dinner, the stepfather becomes destructive and chucks cups at his kids. The viewers would have no idea whats going on without the dialogue. Viewers would most likely think that she fell as she said. In Boyhood, there are many scenes with spoken language and music, but there were also many with just ambient noise with actions on screen. In such a dramatic movie, there are many silent scenes used to break news, or to become the central focus of a dramatic scene. For instance, an older Mason is driving with his biological father to the grandparents house, to celebrate Masons 15th birthday. His father speaks of the old car he owned, and eventually sold. Mason becomes upset and both become silent, since his father had promised that car to him when he was younger. Silences can be used as a transitional effect as well. As they pulled up to Masons grandparents cabin, the camera shows the elderly couple with their dog, smiling and waving happily. There is no sound at all. This scene emphasizes the visual effects of what the audience is seeing. Boyhood, is a movie that is full of small impressions made by sound and visual effects. Through this films sound and visuals, it allows audiences to get feel the emotions that the characters are experiencing.

Dishonesty and Manipulation in Othello free essay sample

This initiates the primary plot of the play which follows the development in Othello’s character, his growing rage and disbelief in his wife, fuelled by the ironic dishonesty, and hence manipulation of the repetitively titled â€Å"honest Iago†. Critic Norrie Eystein, author of The Friendly Shakespeare, notes that he is referred to as â€Å"honest Iago† â€Å"fifteen times, by every character including himself†. Iago’s dishonesty is contrasted in his soliloquies, where he approaches pure honesty, and when he is silent during the play’s end. It is this contrast which shapes the play itself. Iago personifies this theme of honesty and manipulation that is expressed in Othello, The play follows Iago in his ambition to destroy Othello, by means of manipulation, and his success in doing so. Iago is consistently dishonest with Othello, lying both about Desdemona’s apparent adultery and his motivation for saying so. In contrast, Iago has moments of absolute honesty in his soliloquies. Yale critic Harold Bloom would suggest that he does not speak to complete truth as he contradicts himself and searches for justification – â€Å"And what’s he then that says I play the villain, / When this advice is free†¦and honest†. Nevertheless, through Iago’s soliloquies, the audience or reader gains considerable insight in to what is really happening in the play. Here, Shakespeare’s use of dramatic irony perpetuates the centrality of the theme of honesty and manipulation as the audience/readers are the only ones who know the truth. In contrast to the Christian God, the honest, just, rock solid â€Å"I am†, Iago confesses his duplicitous nature â€Å"I am not what I am† at the start of the play. Use of such biblical allusion and imagery contrasts the manipulation and betrayal that Iago personifies. This idea of manipulation is developed in his second speech, â€Å"in following him, I follow but myself† and â€Å"I follow him to serve my own turn upon him†. Iago’s plans of manipulation for not only Othello, but also Roderigo, are foreshadowed by the cliche â€Å"I will wear my heart upon my sleeve for daws to peck at†. This imagery of birds pecking at Iago’s heart intensifies his sinister qualities. Fittingly, in Act One Scene Two, Iago is heard to swear by the Roman two-faced god Janus. Othello begins the play as an honourable and respected general – for Bloom â€Å"there is authenticity to his soul†. Despite common racial prejudice, senators and the like greet him as â€Å"valiant Othello† and â€Å"the noble Moor† as signs of respect. Othello is able to maintain a calm attitude in his powerful position by his mutual trust in his fellow Venetians, especially the likes of his right-hand men, including Iago. Trust and honesty come hand-in-hand, and so it is no surprise that Othello believes Iago to be an honest man, â€Å"And, for I know thou art full of love and honesty†. Iago (being anything but honest) plays on Othello’s ignorance, manipulating him to believe that his wife, Desdemona, is dishonest. Again, we can see how the use of manipulation is cause and effect of action in the play. These two principle characters are by no means the only souls in Othello who struggle in the conflict between honesty and dishonesty, yet any motivation for dishonesty can appear to differ. Whist generally appearing honest, Desdemona has deceived her father over her marriage to Othello. However, her motivation in doing so was to prevent, not cause, pain, â€Å"Such news would pain him severely, and I do not wish to bring such news unto him until I feel it would be right to do so. Skilfully, Iago manipulates Desdemona’s acknowledged deception, reminding Othello that â€Å"she did deceive her father, marrying you†, and planting the seed of doubt about her fidelity in Othello’s mind. Once convinced of her supposed affairs, Othello turns on Desdemona – â€Å"heaven knows thou art false as hell† – conjuring diabolical imagery that underscores her believed dis honesty, reversing the imagery that has so far been associated with Othello and Desdemona – him as the â€Å"blacker devil† and her as the â€Å"fair angel†. In contrast to Iago, whose dishonesty is motivated by malice, Desdemona’s ishonesty is more ‘innocent’. When Othello asks Desdemona for the for the whereabouts of the handkerchief he had given her as a gift long ago, Desdemona lies and says she knows where it is but doesn’t have it readily available, in order to cover up the fact that she has lost it – â€Å"I say, it is not lost†. The handkerchief symbolises the glue that holds their relationship together. Once this ‘glue’ has been removed there is no longer anything to keep the two from splitting and hence a sense of dishonesty and mistrust becomes apparent between them. Othello is soon to find that Desdemona has indeed lost the handkerchief, meaning he succumbs further to Iago’s poison of manipulation. Thus causation occurs, courtesy of this central theme of honesty and manipulation. In truth, Emilia, Iago’s wife and Desdemona’s trusted maidservant, has stolen the handkerchief. Emilia has been manipulated into taking the handkerchief by her husband, who ostensibly wanted to copy the handkerchief’s motif. Iago uses Emilia for his scheme and abuses her trusted relationship with Desdemona. Iago takes the handkerchief and plants it in Cassio’s bed. I know not that, but such a handkerchief I am sure it was your wife’s – Did I today see Cassio wipe his beard with†. Convinced that his wife has been unfaithful to him, Othello’s ignorance of the manipulative â€Å"demi-devil† in Iago and the good in his wife drives him to near madness. Shakespeare depicts this through the deterioration in O thello’s language – from poetic verse to prose to muddled and nonsensical singular words, â€Å"pish, lips, handkerchief†. Anguished, Othello’s mind is finally devastated as he confides in Iago’s conspiracy of doubt and he smothers Desdemona. Moments later he learns his drastic act of jealous aggression is actually the result of his trusted subordinate’s dishonest and manipulative plan. Distraught at the loss of her beloved mistress, Emilia reveals the truth to Othello about her husband’s deceitful conspiracy. Her truthful confession means the end of her own life as she is immediately slain by Iago. Yet again, Shakespeare indicates the centrality of honesty and manipulation in the play as it is the direct cause of actions undertaken by his characters. In our humanness, we are both intentionally honest and dishonest (perhaps manipulative) to some measure on the continuum. Othello, while dark of skin, is â€Å"far more fair than black† in contrast to Iago’s dark nature. Acknowledging his mistake of murdering his wife, Othello plays judge and jury on himself, passing a death sentence and executing suicide; this contrast to Iago’s silence. Iago neither justifies his actions nor admits his guilt, perhaps suggesting he does not feel any. This contrast highlights Iago as the â€Å"motiveless malignancy† and helps Shakespeare to conclude the play separating good (honesty and truth) and evil (dishonesty and manipulation). By acknowledging what he has done, Othello is able to maintain â€Å"authenticity to his soul† and regain his honour in the eyes of the audience. In contrast, Iago by his duplicity and then silence is dammed in literature for his dishonesty and manipulation. Honesty is a key theme in Othello which is directly related to the centrality of manipulation in the play. Shakespeare clarifies its centrality by the use of dramatic irony, soliloquy and symbolism in the play. Characters’ dishonesty and manipulation is clearly seen to be the cause of what is The Tragedy of Othello.